Faucet mounted water filter

It is one of the best cooking in the kitchen aids can have a mounted water filter tap. Provide a healthy, clean, great-tasting water, your food, tea and coffee taste amazing. It's not the most expensive type of filter, but the benefits are far greater than what you pay for.

Many water filter systems make use of chlorine as a disinfectant, and in particular to get rid of water borne diseases like typhoid and cholera, which are dangerous illness. However, it appears that this method of disinfection to do more harm than good for the general population.

Were the links between chlorine and more cases of cancer, heart disease, among other ailments. One possible explanation is the fact the chlorine is added to the water it forms of chemical reaction with the elements already in the water causing the emergence of synthetic chemicals somehow THM 's. These have been linked to cancer, kidney and liver ailments. With this in mind if you are using the water to boil for coffee or tea ceases to be water, but becomes a health hazard for you and your family.

Purchase the faucet mounted water filter does job filtering much easier, as the water is immediately available, it should be in the kitchen. Faucet mounted water filter helps remove parasites from the water, some of which are chlorine-resistant. It is known to cause many harmful diseases, people.

Food and hygiene regulations

When you work in the food industry, it is imperative that companies follow to the letter of food and hygiene regulations. The risk of contamination must be identified and destroyed as the cause of the illness or injury to the customer through the standards of the poor food can cause extensive damage to the reputation of the company and its position in the food industry.

This applies, in particular meat vendors, who must ensure the proper practice of always prevent the possibility of cross-contamination between raw and pre-cooked food, just as do all they can to clean and decontaminated the space to reduce the risk of diseases such as salmonella and e. coli.

Procedures, such as maintaining the raw meat from cooked meat and no heating white meat such as chicken, food and public health rules for a reason, but still, many traders in the food industry, neglect even these simple procedures. One of the easiest ways to prevent food-borne diseases is to regularly wash your hands, both before and after processing all the food, but in particular in the processing of raw meat. Following these simple guidelines can eliminate a number of potential risks, which are derived from the processing of food, to ensure that as little bacteria spread as far as possible. If even simple guideline is not met, food can become contaminated with bacteria, and outer, which may cause the disease after the ingestion.

Salmonella is one of the most common bacterial problems when working with food. The bacteria can spread both through direct and indirect contact, and the bacteria can multiply at an astonishing pace, especially in the uncooked food, namely, poultry and eggs, at room temperature. It is one of the leading food-borne diseases, and is even responsible for the death in some cases. The Existence of such bacteria is itself evidence, for the need for basic food hygiene standards.

Manual washing and proper storage of poultry and eggs is sufficient to ensure that this bacteria has spread and it can save a large amount of health care and ensure customer satisfaction in the process. Raw meat at room temperature it is a ridiculous policy, which leaves open the food for the proliferation of many different bacteria. All raw meat should be at temperatures below 5 degrees Celsius, to minimize the rate of multiplication of the bacteria that can cause salmonella kept refrigerated. In addition, and bears repeating, the hand must wash thoroughly before and after processing any raw meat or eggs to eliminate the risk of cross-contamination.

Many firms fail to follow these simply food and hygiene standards, but it is in direct violation of regulations for food hygiene laid down in the Government building. The regulation lays down a simple set of instructions in relation to the premises of the company, which deals in food;

be clean and maintained in good condition;
be designed and constructed to permit good food hygiene practices;
have a supply of the portable (drinking) water;
appropriate controls are in place for protection against pests;
have adequate natural or artificial lighting;
have adequate natural or mechanical ventilation;
provide clean toilets, that do not lead directly to the rooms for food;
have adequate facilities for the washing of the hands;
be equipped with drainage.

These simple standards that often follow the company, who just might not want to invest a little more effort to ensure that their customers are not at risk from contaminated food. We're trying to keep all of the standards laid down by the regulations of food hygiene, granted by the Government; However, we would like to see improvement in all areas of trade in food.

As suppliers of our name still has the potential to be dragged through the mud; regardless of how great our credentials, if the device is delivered not governed by the procedures and food hygiene. Catering and food vendors as well as have responsibility as their intermediaries in ensuring that the food they sell is safe for human consumption. This means that the must;

-Food store in good conditions all the time
-Cook food Correctly
-Prepare the food properly
-According to the above basic hygiene guidelines

Case study

It was found that many food vendors in the area of Chinatown Westminster in failing their duty is to ensure the quality of their food before sale. Many companies in the area were the subject of complaints, prosecutions, fastenings and notification due to health regulations, which are employed by them. 33 businesses in the area have been identified as very problematic.

It has become for the area, which the local Council were forced to issue set initiative, in which they are entered, and any problematic business on course in the hygiene of foodstuffs is to learn the basics of food preparation and processing of delicate. The Council has since seen a 98% pass rate from local businesses in the framework of this initiative.

Good frozen food distributor should honestly believes, would not come to that. Basic food and health standards should be standard practice for all traders in food from the first day and we try to ensure that both we and the companies that we supply to maintain the highest quality experience in the food hygiene to reduce the risk of spreading infectious diseases transmissible through food.

Food borne illness

Food borne illness or also known as food poisoning, can be caused by a number of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. Food borne illness is caused by consume contaminated food and drink. Harmful toxins or chemicals which are present in food may also cause food borne illness.

We often ask why and how food may be contaminated with the bacteria, which at the end of may cause a disease called food borne illness. Look at the characteristics of the food and bacteria associated with food, shall be borne by the disease.

Bacteria need 6 conditions which are to be able to survive and reproduce. The necessary conditions are a food source, the level of acidity, temperature, time, oxygen and moisture, are truncated F and T T O M.

FOOD

Bacteria need to grow food. As well as other life organisms need food, which support their adolescence. High content of proteins or carbohydrates contained in meat, fish, seafood, cooked potatoes and peas, the rise of are loved by bacteria. These foods are considered potentially hazardous food. This will facilitate their dissemination.

ACID

It was known that dangerous bacteria in food can reproduce in foods with acidity (pH). 4.6-7. the pH is the symbol for the degree of acidity or alkalinity (Basic) substances, measures in the range 0 to 14.0. Foods with a pH below 7.0 are acidic, a pH above 7 is alkaline. Most bacteria are not pH level lower than the 4.6.

THE TEMPERATURE OF THE

The bacteria, which can reproduce more rapidly at temperatures between > 41oF-160oF (5 ° c-60 ° c). But the bacteria prefer a temperature which is equivalent to the human temperature i.e. 98.6oF (37oC). The longer that the bacteria are allowed to sit in the warm, moist environment, the faster will be the growth of bacteria, up and multiply. Must limit the time during which these foods remain in a dangerous area for two hours or less.

TIME

Time and temperature are two important factors that significantly influence the growth of bacteria in food. Micro-organisms as a warm environment the best around room temperature. In an ideal state of bacteria will multiply every 15-30 minutes. Some bacteria may even grow every 10 minutes. Research has identified it as a dangerous temperature zone. It is very necessary to create a condition that prevents the growth of bacteria or retards the growth of bacteria. 4 Hours, it is to achieve a number of diseases, which can for people who need it only bacteria.

OXYGEN

Some species of bacteria need oxygen to survive, they are the aerobic; But there are also some species of bacteria that can survive without oxygen, anaerobic. These two conditions may occur in food. Bacteria that can survive without oxygen may live in the packaged food or the vacuum packaging, such as canned food or in food, which are stored in large quantities.

HUMIDITY

Research has shown that the disease caused by bacteria can grow in food, if the activity of water in food is greater than the item 85 (. 85). Micro-organisms like a moist environment. Meat products and soft cheeses have more water content allows any bacteria, viruses or forms to submit quickly multiply.

Food safety and sanitation Undersink water filters-how to help?

Did you know that there are about 76 million cases of food borne disease, which occurs every year in the US? You can help protect the health of your family by observing the food safety and hygiene procedures and using equipment such as filters, undersink water at home.

May prepare vegetable salads and, occasionally, or contain fresh fruit your family meals, and that's good. After all, we have a lot of the nutrients our bodies need from these types of food.

However, keep in mind that, according to the US Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), fruit and vegetables eaten raw have a high risk of contamination. It is, therefore, that many of them are processed in the conditions or the device is missing from the sanitation, or because of its water quality is cleaned up, then, what are harvested below average.

That is why it is very important to wash your fresh carefully under running water to get rid of harmful pollutants like fertilizers and other chemicals. But it won't help you one bit if the water from the tap in the kitchen is full of impurities and also.

High-quality underwater Counter filters are able to delete things like chlorine, lead, volatile organic chemicals, as well as dangerous micro-organisms as chlorine resistant parasites. What is left with is just pure and clean water that tastes good and is odorless. The water that you have no remorse, is used for drinking or food preparation, which you and your family eat.

Food safety-common rules for the monitoring in your home

To ensure the safety and suitability of the items of food for human consumption are implemented the principles of food safety. This includes the proper handling, storage and preservation. Most of the countries to implement a set of standards for food safety and food service restaurants. Some of them are extremely basic and can easily be followed at home.

The Temperature Of The

Correct temperature is crucial for maintaining food safety. Be sure to maintain the right temperature, when saving raw foods and uncooked meat. Extreme heat thwarted certain types of food, which is exposed to contamination. Food that is exposed to the bacteria and microbes of the nesting grounds of food-borne diseases. The person who accidentally eats rotten food is likely to be stoned or experience gastrointestinal spasms. In the worse cases, the person may be critically ill.

Maintaining the correct temperature is still necessary, even after the food is cooked. Be careful when reheating Foods. Be sure to reheat cooked foods, which has been left to cool before serving. Insufficient heating can cause diarrhea, indigestion, dyspepsia, or other problems with digestion. There are 2 basic rules to remember when it comes to temperature, and food safety. Remember, keep cold food cold and warm food is warm. These basic food safety rules will help to ensure that contamination of food is in the Bay.

Contamination Of The

The objective of food safety is to maintain suitable for consumption of food and prevent the spread of water-borne diseases and food-borne. Cross-contamination is therefore one of the most decisive factors of food safety, on the address. Never place cooked food in a container that held the raw meat and vice versa. After each use with chopping boards and knives. You can use hot soapy water for further measures. The surface can be contaminated with bacteria and harmful organisms as soon as it is exposed to the raw meat. The risk of contamination is very likely if you are using the same knife and chopping board for vegetables and meat.
Storage

The remnants should be of the same attention as heat items, in terms of storage. Many people overlook these general principles of food safety and in the end, rotten food, which could be used, if they were stored correctly. Keep the remains in an airtight container before storing them in the freezer or refrigerator. Freezer may come in handy when you save the hungry. It keeps the food from getting spoiled and makes them safe for use in the future. Proper freezing and food safety techniques, the remains of at least a day or two.
Preparation area

Well-kept preparation area is an essential aspect of food safety. Clean kitchen equipment and tools are less likely to be contaminated by harmful organisms and bacteria. Dust, mold and debris can easily accumulate and settle in the modified kitchens. Pieces of the remains of meals may also attract insects or mice, which can have dangerous diseases. It is almost as damaging as cross-contamination. Cleaning your kitchen is recommended before food preparation. Make sure that the kitchen counters, stove tops, kitchen equipment, tools and instruments are bacteria disinfecting and sanitizing them regularly.

Have you ever of filter of drinking water

As people we depend on water to survive. It is true you can live without food for more than a free drink. It's no idle activity by the fact that our water is more contaminated and in some cases, however, is linked to a life-threatening illness.

Indicates the number of medical journals and newspapers to inform us of the presence of chemical substances and medicines. Maybe it's time for some steps to ensure the health and well-being of our family from harmful effects of contaminants.

Installation of the filter of drinking water in your House is a good start.

Perhaps the biggest problem is one of awareness, and that the public be kept believe that nothing is happening. Most people seem to believe that if their water gives the smell and looks dirty, it is still safe to drink and use. However, many aquatic contaminants may not release the taste or smell bad.

One recent study in tap water safety, noted that an estimated 50 to 70 percent of the population living in rural areas, their water draw poisoned Lakes or streams. In addition, chemicals and viruses from these sources may potentially cause harm to the unborn. A startling revelation.

In addition, other research has revealed extremely high concentrations of chlorine, a chemical used to treat water from the tap. Here also it was found that contribute to the development of heart disease and cancer. Here is a shocking fact that rush and buy drinking water filters.
The World Health Organization confirms that 80 percent of all known diseases are transmitted by water.

Other known factors that contribute to the pollution, the presence of pharmaceutical drugs that are most troubling. Although the Government is using the current technologies in the field of prevention of bacterial and aquatic contaminants from sources of drinking water, still manages to find the existence of certain drugs.
To the adoption of its own CEPOL are not yet fully able to say what long-term health effects.

Let's face it no one wants their family's drinking water with drugs or the transfer of water-borne pathogens and parasites. It's time to take matters into their own hands. These scenarios to avoid destroying the health of your family. One way is to invest in home drinking water filter. This is an effective way of cleaning and decontamination of the home menu.

Healthy eating habits-food habits for good health

Healthy nutritious diet helps fight against diseases and infections. But if it is not healthy diet, may interfere with the process of the whole body and can cause illness. Here you will find some simple eating habits, which not only maintain sound, but also treat many disorders body there.

Regular use of any food items reduces its evaluation. Sensory element, based mainly on taste and smell, the taste will disappear, when both are satisfied. Therefore, even seasoned food should take in the intervals.

Avoid tea or coffee, especially before eating. The minimum amount, through Act as encouraging, the activation of the body and increasing competence. In the preparation of tea, spices, with the Holy basil (tulsi), which is a valuable herb, increases immunity, and is commonly available.

There should be in the range of 4 to 5 hours between meals, which gives time to herself or previous dish. The evening meal would be the lightest, so that it is easy of digestion.

Spices such as pepper, mustard, garlic, ginger, cinnamon, cloves, cardamom, and the like can be used in limited amounts. Excessive use of irritating to the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, reduces the desire for a simple, nutritious food.

Sweets should only be used up after the meal, as they tend to be attractive and hearty. In particular, where the children sweets satiate his hunger without actually meeting the nutritional requirements of the body is so necessary for growth.

Water-natural cure for many diseases

Water is a natural medicine and drink plenty of water deprives many ills. Ensure that the water is clean, the water-borne diseases. Have a drink in the morning after getting up and before you brush your teeth. Drink at least a litre of water in one time and not to eat for up to an hour. After drinking water to wash your face and brush your teeth.

You can drink as much water, initially may begin with one glass and it gradually increased to four glasses. The first one or two glasses have no effect on the body with the exception of excessive urination. After a few days everything will become normal. Arthritics and wadding disease should take this treatment three times a day. Drink abundant quantities of water, at the same time to clean the intestines and improve its functioning. Poisonous substances in the body, within 24 hours. Constipation is relieved, and it prevents many diseases.

Disclaimer: this article is not intended to provide health advice and guidelines for information only. Always looking for qualified medical worker's insights before embarking on any health programme.

How can you prevent getting food and water borne diseases, when you're on a tropical vacation?

There are a number of very serious diseases that are caused by contaminated food and water. Some of these major diseases are dysentery, which can prevent traveler's diarrhea, hepatitis A, cholera and typhoid. These diseases are very prevalent in third world countries, but it is people can contract in their hometown. Here is some information, you can reduce the probability of getting these diseases, tropical vacation.

What action can be taken to lessen the risk of contracting these serious diseases when traveling

Drink only bottled water, if you are on vacation. Check to make sure that the CAP seal has not been broken. If it shows no signs they are handling, don't drink the water. In many third world countries is not for some street vendors, kids or restaurant to carry out water bottles with tap water and offer them to the tourists as authentic bottled water.

Ice cubes can be another major source of contaminated water. Unlike bottled water, there is no way you can find the ice cubes in the drink was made from non-contaminated source water. If you know of course, a restaurant, drinking establishment has an excellent reputation is, or you should not use ice cubes in your drinks.

When you're on a tropical vacation, it is appropriate to avoid any uncooked meals like salads, are another major source of these diseases.

How people usually contracting traveller's diarrhoea

Traveller's diarrhoea is usually caused by contaminated food or water, but can also be caused by stress or change the location when you travel. Some symptoms are gas, nausea, stomach cramps and liquid stool.

What should do if you get a traveler's diarrhea

They drink a lot of purified water and soda pop or prevent dehydration. These symptoms usually subside for two or three days, if these symptoms persist or with more severe that should medical aid as soon as may have one or two more serious conditions, bacteria or Amoeba dysentery.

What are the symptoms of dysentery

Strong headaches, high fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, blood or mucous in the stool are the usual symptoms caused by Amoeba dysentery and bacteria. Both types of dysentery can be a very serious health problems, if left untreated. First, it is necessary to seek medical help.

What is the difference between Hepatitis a and B

Hepatitis a is a highly infectious disease which is spread through contaminated food and water (including ice cubes). Hepatitis b is spread in the same way that the spread of HIV, the virus infected blood or body fluids through sexual contact, blood transfusion, or reduce or break in the skin. Both diseases have similar symptoms which may include fever, headache, chills and tired, feeling the pain and the pain, nausea and vomiting, stomach cramps, lack of appetite, dark colored urine, and light colored fecal matter. The usual symptoms are nenávistnými the skin and yellow whites of eyes. If some or all of these symptoms should seek medical assistance as soon as possible. However, as a security measure, it would make sense to see your local health authority than travel on vacation and vaccinate against both of these diseases. Remember, your first line of Defense is to get vaccination protection against hepatitis a and b before you travel.

It is advisable to check with your local health authority to find out whether you need to be vaccinated before sending it to the path. Some of the countries you plan to visit the current vaccination certificate may be required. Even in the event that no, it still makes sense to be vaccinated, such as Hepatitis and is a highly infectious disease. Hepatitis b can lead to AIDS. Both the disease attacks the liver. There is a vaccination Twinrix, which protects you both hepatitis a and B, you can find out more about this vaccination on www.Twinrix.com.

What should do if you get cholera

Cholera causes diarrhea, which can lead to very severe dehydration and possible death. This disease is transmitted through contaminated food and water. Immunization is not considered to be effective, you must following good hygiene practices.

How can you protect against typhoid fever?

Typhoid fever is a disease, which is also contracted through contaminated food and water. You should be immune to the typhoid if you're travelling to countries where sanitation is poor.

How Reverse osmosis water filters work

In explanation, something like how Reverse osmosis water filters work, it's best to start with the definition. First of all, the definition of osmosis is the "movement of solvents through semitransparent membrane (since live cells) into the solution higher solute concentration, which tends to equalize the concentration of dissolved substances on both sides of the membrane."

Semipermeable means that some things through, and some don't. osmotic pressure creates a higher level in one area in the tank than the other, the system has completed its cycle. Reverse osmosis uses a breathable filter, however, as a good tool Department of salt water from the drinking water. Once the membrane is in place, the pressure is used and begins with a slow process, but it works to create a great tasting drinking water.

This procedure is typically used to obtain drinking water from sea water, as it removes the salt, as well as other contaminants. Because such a good filter uses the process of reverse osmosis, is an excellent way to delete all small Small particles, which the human eye cannot see. Typically, however, is its effectiveness depends on the concentration of pressure of the solute, and if the rate of flow of water is not the right amount, then the whole process may be only slightly.

This process was originally created in 1748. The next two centuries, this process was completed only in laboratories. However, in 2001 was more than 15 000 osmosis plants in operation around the world. From its beginning, its use has grown to include also the cleaning of waste water and run-off rain water.

This is a very useful process solution of concentrated fruit juice and milk liquid found and the food industry. One example is maple syrup production process, where reverse osmosis removes water from SAP. Automatic washing cars using this process to help lessen the work car dryer should be performed.

What materials can be filtered by that process Things such as radioactive materials, chlorine, pesticides, fertilisers and micro-organisms such as bacteria and parasites. It can also help remove water-borne diseases, which could, through environmental factors. Fluoride and heavy metals can be removed even before water is ingested, causing contamination in our body.

Reverse osmosis water filters can benefit your family in several ways, and the initial investment is worth it. They run efficiently with operating costs which are appropriate and offer highly effective filtration. In fact, certain minerals can be re-introduced into the family of the diet, therefore filtering is so effective at eliminating all minerals from sources of drinking water.

How to install a whole House water filters, you can use

Despite the incredible progress that government regulation on all water studies have confirmed that these devices are still unable to provide the Community net, without chemicals and healthy water. It is from most of the country's water resources are heavily contaminated with disease-bearing chemical traces from pathogens, pesticides and industrial sludges and from late disclosure, traces of the ingestion of pharmaceutical drugs such as chemotherapy, hormonal and Valery drugs. Yves Rocher, the whole House water filters are the people the chance to take water treatment solutions into their own hands.

People are presented with the alarming facts about the safety of the water and still holds a blind eye to the possible effects of water contaminants. In this era of growing health consciousness, many still fail to recognize the extent of the risk that contaminated water may bring their families. Unlike common belief, there is no entry of contaminated water into the body and be limited to drinking water. Water for bathing, especially with hot showers, we use many of these contaminants enter the body through the pores of the skin and inhalation can cause. A high concentration of chlorine in water release harmful substances that may bring harm to health.

One of the ways of solving this kind of problem is to install a home water filters. Initially, the people decide on the domestic drinking water filter to protect your family against water-borne diseases and serious health risks associated with contaminated water. However, the health measures must end. Although costly, and investment in the whole House water filter slowly becomes a necessity, given the standards of the poor water to urban and rural water. To get your filter with home tap water is actually a lot. Optimal health is just the beginning.

A typical house water filters are installed on the source of the water House to maintain a steady supply of filtered and decontaminated water. It would provide clean water for the preparation of food, cooking, eating and bathing. Is that even large to achieve domestic private swimming pools with a better quality of water it is easier to treat or maintain. Depending on the specification of a home system, filtering tap water to pass through a sophisticated system of filtering and softening treatment of water. In this way becomes the water that comes out in the tap water safe for general use.

The benefits for the whole House water filters to extend common aesthetics. The skin is soft, the use of water and treated with an extremely beneficial. In comparison with chlorinated water, filtered and decontaminated water may leave the skin dry. This allows your body to retain moisture and maintains a healthy population of beneficial bacteria on the skin. In addition, the treated water is gentle on fabrics. It works great in the handling of flimsy fabric, which usually gets away boredom and destroyed by chlorinated water.

A range of filtering and water treatment ability of home water filtering systems would depend on the quality of tap water in your home. The common problem of tap water at home is bad tasting and smelling of water; high chlorine concentrations; the presence of hazardous contaminants, such as copper, lead and mercury; the presence of choroboplodných parasites, such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium; and other forms of industrial and pharmaceutical by-products. If you want to effectively treat and handle the contaminants present in tap water, you must know what you are against. The results of the evaluation of the tap water you carry out, as regards the best water filters, whole House to give their money to.

How to select good whole House water filter

Whole House water filters are the best way to keep your House free of unwanted disease. Our body catches the infection or disease, only three means; air, water and food. If we leave aside for a moment, air pollution, then it is water, which results in the maximum number of diseases and such diseases are called as water borne diseases. How food is cooked with water only, water borne diseases are directly linked with food-related illness. Increased levels of pollution will be important to install the filter system of good and efficient whole House.

The whole House filtration systems are installed in a central point from where the water supply for the whole household is lodged. The whole House filtration systems are installed on the main menu so that every drop of water passes through a filter system and each Member of your House will be clean and chemical free water, which is good for drinking and cooking purposes. You can get the whole House water filters, according to his requirements and the number of family members.

However, it must be ensured that the system of filter you are about to buy is capable of processing strong currents of water that does not allow polluted water through to high level flow. Good whole House water filter must be able to remove suspended particles in the water as dust, debris, etc. In addition, a good water filter will include the carbon activated filter mechanism, which is required to maintain harmful chemicals from water. It maintains also substances in chess, which affect the flavor, color and taste of the water.

Water filter is the ability to combine another filter elements with it, so it would be best to do. External manganese and chlorine control filters usually can be attached to the whole House filter system. Finally, when buying whole House filter, you must ensure that it meets all the requirements and standards laid down by the regulatory authority, your local water. The body of the filter must be firm and from a hard material, so that it does not deteriorate due to regular contact with polluted water. Whole House water filter is the best way to take care of the family.

International travel and health advisories for expatriates in the developing countries of the world

What are some of the main causes of accidents and illnesses for expatriates living in difficult and hostile environment, who need to travel and health insurance

Depression

Depression is a serious drugs affects about 40-50% of the expatriates living in difficult and hostile environments. Back to the home country of depression can be treated by reducing stress, nutrition, and exercise. But in situations overseas, most employees cannot change the situational causes of depression. The initial diagnosis and medical care is the best, if it is in the home country. Psychotherapeutic medicines should be available to them and the ongoing physician care, you can perform one expatriate worker returns home.

Automobile injuries

-Car car car or pedestrian injuries are the leading cause of death in the expatriate health

The accident of water and water-borne diseases

-Contact infectious diseases, in particular fresh water
-Drowning

Unfavourable animal encounters

-Rabies
-Stings, especially mosquitoes
-Poisonous snakes

Unwanted meeting people

-Robbery, assault
-Who is against your presence in their country of

Other common injuries and diseases

-Burns caused by an open fire, and dangerous domestic cooking appliances (in particular apparatus or containers boil water)
-Skin problems caused by dirty water and unhygienic environment
Food-related diseases such as dysentery and typhoid
-The disease through contaminated sources, such as hepatitis

Long-term and short-term expatriate workers, travellers are advised to contact the Center for disease control and The World Health Organization for the list of diseases in the countries they live or travel.

Life insurance, health insurance and health insurance are necessary for the people who live or travel in difficult and hostile environments.

Kitchen water filter-Why is it necessary

May ask whether the kitchen water filter is really necessary, when in fact they could continue to buy in bottles. It is not like the bearer of bad news, but the bottled drink could be exactly the same, what's coming from your tap water. To understand why Please read on.

For starters, if your H2o is packed in the same state that you live in a society may not achieve any of government regulation. Only in the event that the water is transported to another State not subject to the limited provisions. In fact, there are less rules for bottled H2o than for your faucet.

Bottled water industry is the fastest growing and most profitable companies. Produces billions of dollars a year. You the consumer contributes $ 1 to $ 4 per gallon purchased.

The other main disadvantage is that plastic water bottles, filling landfills with mass around the world contributes to environmental disasters. How many are harmless are produced daily by our valuable resources of oil and natural gas. Hazardous chemicals are emitted in the manufacture of plastic bottles.

There is no doubt that chlorine in our drinking water may pose some serious health risk, so the kitchen water filter is definitely a better option. It's preferable to have free water contaminants in the water, and not on the inconvenience of having to buy it, when you run out.

Kitchen water filter provides much better quality drinking water than bottled water in the selection of the correct type. It is also much cheaper than the $ 1 to $ 4 per gallon, already mentioned above. Cost of 9 cents per gallon on the appeal to you? It sounds much better, I think.

Another advantage is that your food and drink will taste better when prepared with chlorine-free water. It should be noted that as soon as the chlorine has been added to our drinking water treatment facilities, led the work for the disinfection of water from the deadly water-borne diseases. Since then, no longer needed and can be safely deleted.

Now, when you're armed with the information it makes sense to continue further research. Kitchen water filter is definitely worth the effort and much more comfortable and more economical than purchasing it is bottled. I have more interesting information about my website, so please click on the link to continue research.

Lyme disease and the controversy that surrounds it

Lyme disease is borne by a bacterial infection, relatively common in the United States. It is not unusual, not something exotic, so what is it and why is there so much controversy surrounding it.

First appeared in 1975 in the town in Connecticut, where it derives its name, Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb).

The disease is characterised by the characteristic Skin lesions known as erythema migrans (EM) and maybe even systemic symptoms including neurological, rheumatologic and cardiac involvement of time (months to years). Some reports say that may also affect the optic nerve.

EM, which is the first manifestation in most cases, your mouth is red, often showing clear Center (Bull's eye). Can be seen individually or in multiples.

With or without other early symptoms of the EM may include malaise, fatigue, fever, headache and a stiff neck. Pain and joint pain, migratory may also see.

In the US, which is Lyme disease is endemic to the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, Wisconsin and Minnesota and parts of California and Oregon.

Where is the dispute?

First, the mode of transmission. It is well documented that Lyme disease is the originator of the tick. Common species are known to Harbor ticks Ixodes scapularis (Bb) and i. pacificus. Larval and nymphal ticks feed on small animals, while the adults feed on deer. Pets such as dogs can also get Lyme disease.

However, there are those who believe that the other vectors that carry disease, such as fleas, mites, and mosquitoes. Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) said on its website that there is no credible evidence that Lyme disease can be transmitted through the air, food, water, or from the bites of mosquitoes, flies, fleas and lice.

The second issue, often expressed by Lyme affected is testing and evaluation.

Many patients complain that it's a problem to get properly diagnosed. Some say it may take years to get diagnosed for Lyme disease. Some people talk about are misdiagnosed Fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, or lupus.

The diagnosis of Lyme disease is based on two step laboratory, testing process. The first step is to use the antibody test ELISA or IFA. It is a very sensitive test and if you have Lyme disease should be positive.

There are times when someone who does not have Lyme disease may also be positive in these screening tests. Cross reacting antibodies can cause false positive results of patients with syphilis, Leptospirosis, HIV, Infectious Mononucleosis and rheumatoid arthritis, among others.

ELISA and IFA are uppercase and lowercase letters in the first weeks, and infection may remain negative, if early with antibiotics.

The second step is the western blot test. This test is designed as a "concrete", which means that usually will be positive only if that person is actually infected. If a positive ELISA or IFA, Western blot would not be tested.

Critics argue that it's a two step process testing does not work. They say that the purpose of standardization
determination of parameters for laboratory confirmation of Lyme disease monitoring cases, no
clinical diagnosis.

Also they say that the tests in step one is sufficiently sensitive, such as screening tests. It is also alleged that the interpretation of the western blot was selected on the basis of statistical, rather than clinical.
The third issue of contention is the appropriate treatment for Lyme disease.

According to studies, which are financed from the national institutes of health (NIH) can cure most patients with several weeks of antibiotics taken by mouth. Commonly used for Oral antibiotic treatment include doxycycline, amoxicillin or cefuroxime to be axetil. Patients with certain neurological and cardiac Chair forms of the disease may require intravenous treatment drugs such as ceftriaxone and penicillin.

Patients treated with antibiotics in the early stages of infection usually recover quickly and completely. A few patients, particularly those that have been diagnosed with later stages of the disease, may have persistent or recurrent symptoms.

Critics say that this treatment works only occasionally or only rarely. Sometimes they help for a while, and sometimes do nothing at all.

Most of the infectious diseases have a very unique diagnostic test and specific treatment of Lyme disease has, however, and probably will in future be a problem for doctors and patients for the above reasons, and others not listed here.

Mineral water

Welcome to the water war on the horizon (transnational companies are outside of the store, the owners of the rivers, allegedly to give us water, 24 x 7. In the world, far more serious than the oil problem will be a crisis. Some time back, an international seminar was organized in Bonn, Germany, were delegates from 130 countries, 3,000 were present. In the seminar were made some surprising findings that the water will be sold as raw is sold through tanker and piping in the 21. of the century. Wars are conducted through the rough. Similarly, wars over water.

130 people in the world are deprived of their core of clean drinking water, the lack of water led to the business of mineral and packaged drinking water. Every day, about 6000 die of water-borne diseases. There are so many deaths caused by consumption of contaminated water as in the terrorist attacks on the twin towers. The water crisis in India is extremely serious.

97% of water reserves on Earth is the salt sea water. 2.5% to 3% of the balance is stores in the proportion of glaciers in the Arctic region. That leaves us with only 5% of the drinking water of large quantities of fresh water, which are available in the world today, are stored in large ponds on the border of Canada and the United States. The rest of the world is witnessing fast and consistently damaging water supplies as a result of a growing population, urbanization, industrialization and pollution. In several parts of India resulted in a lack of water riots.

According to a report issued by the UNITED NATIONS may be available for the year for people in Asia, only 3000 cubic meters of water. The Indian average is still lower, which is 2500 cubic metre. EUttar Pradesh is in the tradition of marriage the bride is considered to be solemnized only after she performs a puja in the worship of the well. Today, with regard to most of the wells are cemented with water tankers and worshipped instead of holes.

About 20 people, the core of the India to obtain clean water to drink. Between the water resources available in the country of about 80% of resources have been contaminated as a result of sewage poured into water, industrial, or by mixing the dirty water. Still, it is recommended that farmers prefer to cash crops, which need more water.

To consolidate their vote banks, farmers are offered, free electricity, which is used for the extraction of water from underground through the bore well. It draws thousands of holes because of the constant reduction in the level of wasted water. Is it because of the lack of water, agricultural production, resulting in the country of India had to import food.

At the time of the independence of each country had at least one source of drinking water, in the village, which has no sole source of drinking water is recognised in Government parlance as "no source of village". No source was about 750 villages in India in 1985.

In 1996, despite all the Government claim that the high number of "no source village in shot up to 65 000. It follows that the no source 65000 village ", which should have minimum one lost their source of drinking water sources, either through the drying up of wells or contamination from industrial waste or bind water.

When are large dams across the great river, running water under begins dry up, leading to a severe water shortage crisis in villages along the banks. The municipalities of cities release back into the river water without cleaning and it deprives hundreds of villages, their source of drinking water, the permissions for any setting industry along the river banks contributes to water pollution. The people who this contaminated water svetaznalí in different diseases transmitted by water. Why are these industrialists, guilty of polluting the drinking water for people, so smoothly? Why are the municipalities enabled to release water into the river without cleaning it

When India gained independence, the water was under the control of people. Gram Panchayat each village serves to maintain the ponds and wells in his village and what's more, the rivers, was considered the wealth of nature. Our Government has built dams over almost all the rivers and consequently established bureaucratic control over the water.

Mosquitoes and disease-the most dangerous creatures

Most of the time, a mosquito bite is nothing more than a minor irritant that swells up, itches something fierce, then fades and is quickly forgotten. That is, unless that mosquito is carrying a bug of its own.

Mosquitoes kill more than a million people across the globe every year through the transmission of dangerous viruses and parasites. A female mosquito lights on an infected person or animal, sucks up the diseased blood and passes it on to the next victim she bites.

As simply as that, mosquito-borne illnesses like West Nile virus, eastern equine encephalitis, malaria and even canine heartworms can spread throughout a population. The infected don't even realize they've picked up a disease until the symptoms begin to show.

According to the Maryland Department of Agriculture, "for the first time in nearly 50 years endemic cases of dengue fever and malaria are in the United States. Improvements in world transportation now allow a person infected with a disease to be on a different continent each day. This enables mosquito-borne diseases to travel from one nation to the next."

That ability to spread sickness and death all over the planet is why the Smithsonian National Zoological Park has declared the female Anopheles mosquito - a malaria carrier - the deadliest animal in the world.

So, if you've ever wondered what diseases a mosquito can carry - and how they are transmitted - then read on.

Drawing blood with a mosquito proboscis

First, you need to understand how a mosquito takes your blood.

For the most part, only female mosquitoes feed on the blood of people and animals. They need the protein in blood to help their eggs develop, so they usually will feed before laying each batch. A female mosquito can lay up to three batches of eggs before she dies.

The mosquito uses a serrated proboscis to pierce the skin and reach a capillary. Through a tube inside the proboscis, the mosquito injects saliva containing a mixture of painkiller and blood thinner. Many people are allergic to the saliva, which is what causes the swelling and itching around the bite.

Once the saliva is in, the mosquito begins to draw blood through a second tube in the proboscis. The female usually takes about 0.001 to 0.01 milliliter of blood, according to the American Mosquito Control Association.

If the mosquito is carrying a disease, it can be transmitted through the tiny bits of blood remaining on the proboscis from the mosquito's last victim, as well through the saliva, which may contain viruses or parasites.

A single bite from the right mosquito at the right time, and you're infected.

That's why mosquito experts are always encouraging people to check their yards for standing water where the insects can breed, to avoid being outside at nightfall when they're hunting, and to use repellent, mosquito traps and even netting, if necessary, to keep from being bitten.

Mosquitoes bring malaria

Malaria is caused by a parasite that hitches a ride when an Anopheles mosquito drinks an infected person's blood. Only the Anopheles can transmit malaria, according to the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences at the University of Florida.

Ronald Ross, a British entomologist, was the first person to make the connection between mosquitoes and malaria, discovering the parasites in 1897.

The parasites live in human red blood cells, reproducing asexually for two to three days until they burst the cell and flood the bloodstream with new parasites. Some develop into male and female gametocytes, which the mosquito takes in during feeding.

The gametocytes reproduce inside the mosquito over a period of one to three weeks, and create  sporozoites that migrate to the insect's salivary glands. When the mosquito injects saliva into a person, it also passes along the sporozoites, infecting the person with malaria, the Florida researchers report.

Malaria symptoms mimic the flu, causing fever, chills and nausea. Left untreated, it can be fatal.

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, nearly 500 million people around the world contract malaria each year, and more than one million die. Most of the deaths occur among children on the African continent.

The CDC reported that there were 63 outbreaks of malaria in the United States from 1957 to 2003. In each case, the outbreaks started with someone who had contracted the disease in a country where it is common, then brought it back to the U.S.

At least two species of Anopheles mosquitoes capable of transmitting malaria are prevalent in this country.

The West Nile virus and mosquito bites

The West Nile virus is a relatively mild infection that can sometimes lead to severe encephalitis. It was discovered in the blood of a woman living in Uganda in 1937, and is common throughout Africa, Asia and the Middle East.

It is spread when mosquitoes - primarily Culex mosquitoes -  feed on infected birds such as crows, then pass it to humans through the injection of saliva at the next feeding. The virus enters the bloodstream and begins to multiply.

Symptoms can begin to show within three days to two weeks, and in some cases, the virus crosses into the brain, where it can cause inflammation and disrupt neurological functions, possibly leading to permanent damage to the nervous system.

Those older than 50 are most at risk.

But the good news is that about 80 percent of those who contract West Nile virus from mosquito bites never develop symptoms. A little less than 20 percent will come down with fevers, headaches, nausea and sometimes swollen lymph nodes.

And only about one out of every 150 people infected - less than 1 percent - develop encephalitis, the most severe form of the disease. The first signs of encephalitis are often flu-like symptoms and neck stiffness, leading to high fever, disorientation, seizures, blindness, paralysis and possibly death, according to the CDC.

The mosquito-borne illness first showed up in the United States in 1999 with an outbreak in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut. Within four years, it had had spread to most of the Midwest and killed a reported 23 people.

In 2007, there were West Nile virus infections in nearly every state. The CDC reported 3,598 illnesses and 121 deaths.

Mosquitoes carry other forms of encephalitis

Eastern equine encephalitis is a cousin to the West Nile Virus, spread the same way - by mosquitoes that have fed on infected birds.

The symptoms are similar and usually emerge about three to 10 days after transmission from a mosquito bite. However, it is a much more serious illness, proving fatal for 30 to 50 percent of those infected, especially among kids and the elderly.

"Because of the high mortality rate, (it) is regarded as one of the most serious mosquito-borne diseases in the United States," the CDC reports.

Fortunately, it is also relatively rare. Only 220 cases were reported between 1964 and 2004, primarily in Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts, and New Jersey.

Another particularly dangerous disease in the same family is St. Louis Encephalitis, common along the eastern seaboard, the Gulf Coast, and parts of the Midwest. Until West Nile arrived, it was considered the most serious mosquito-borne illness in the country.

As with the other forms of encephalitis, mosquitoes pick it up from birds and pass it to humans, primarily in the late summer to early winter. It doesn't harm either the birds or the insects, but can be brutal to people.

Slightly more than half of those infected develop brain inflammation and the accompanying neurological problems, and 5 to 30 percent will die, depending on the age of the person infected. Even those who survive sometimes suffer permanent memory loss or paralysis.

According to the CDC, there have been nearly 5,000 cases reported in the last 40 years.

Yeah, but what about mosquitoes and HIV?

Short answer: Doesn't happen.

On top of the diseases already mentioned, mosquito bites can transmit, in rare instances, the deadly yellow and dengue fevers to humans, and can pass heartworm larvae to your pooch through their saliva - by the way, once infected the dog is infected for life, according to the University of Florida agriculture extension office.

But researchers at Rutgers University say the one illness mosquitoes cannot carry from person to person is HIV.

For one thing, the virus that causes AIDS does not live in a mosquito's body, the way encephalitis does. Mosquitoes actually digest the virus along with the blood within a day or two of feeding. It never gets a chance to replicate and migrate to the salivary glands.

And,  there just aren't enough HIV particles in the tiny amount of blood that remains on a mosquito's proboscis after feeding to cause infection. While encephalitis bugs circulate at a high volume in the blood stream, HIV traces are relatively minute.

The bottom line is that a person would have to be bitten by 10 million mosquitoes to even have a chance of transmission. And that's statistically improbable, the Rutgers researchers say.

Of course, as you've seen, mosquito-borne illnesses are deadly enough without HIV. Maybe now you understand why those backyard pests are considered one of the most dangerous creatures alive.

Now is the time to solve the problems in the water world

It is difficult for those of us who are always so much water, how much we need to understand what it is for the people living in countries that do not have water as well as technology and equipment for the production of fresh, uncontaminated water for its citizens. As a result, people are forced to drink water, whether they'll find in the rivers, lakes or streams, and the spread of major diseases. Imagine the whole town, bathing in and drinking from the same water. Without water we die, so these people are willing to no water, they can keep their bodies hydrated. I really have no other option, with the exception of one wrong. The dwindling supply of fresh water has become a problem shared by people throughout the world.

The sad fact is that 1.1 billion people worldwide are living without access to safe drinking water. This means that 1 of every 6 people around the world. In addition, 2.6 billion people lack basic sanitation. These problems, and an estimate of the 3900 children die every day of the water, shall be borne by the disease. In addition, in some parts of the world, up to 99% of available water reserves are used in agriculture, in an attempt to grow enough food for the inhabitants of the region.

The critical lack of water is not reserved only for the countries of the third world, even. Parts on all continents except Antarctica, face a shortage of water. Even parts of the United States, in the country, where we think we have an excess of all the resources that we need to have less than adequate supplies of water. As the population grows, the problem is increasing. In many places on Earth two or more countries share the resources of water, causing tensions between Nations. These problems are escalating and no doubt will lead to future conflicts.

Have you ever considered the fact that only one source, the water, could be responsible for so many problems on the ground When you turn on the tap in the morning shower or put a little water to your coffee maker you should consider that they are in the world are dying because of its lack of people Most of us will take note of the growing crisis to strike closer to home. Areas of the UNITED STATES, which have undergone a period of limited water is already a little know how it will look like. It is important that each of us freaky Act of waste water, we can. Only by limiting our use now we will be able to ensure adequate supplies of water for future generations.

Pure distilled water

Pure distilled water is generally free of any impurities and all kinds of toxics that can be found in the taps of your own home. It's use in many different ways in our everyday life. This is not only used for drinking, but also can be used in various chemical and biological experiments in the laboratory. It is highly recommend to each individual's drink, it's completely cleaned of all contaminants and chlorine. That is why it's great for the skin, as it is free from all contaminants that would block the microscopic pores of the skin.

It's use in large scale consumption, as it is cleaned from all virtually solid impurities, like all other liquid contaminants, mixed with water, which could cause some disease or create harmful effect in the human body.

Pure distilled water is also primarily marketed for drinking purposes. In addition, there are also other drink using distilled water in and out of the House, that you may be interested in. Recommended by some experts, is usually use in child nutrition, food, animals, plants, and also as Aquarium. Pure distilled water is used in these areas, because it is in General without any harmful elements. This type is high again in baby food, because the children are very sensitive to water borne diseases. Therefore, if you want to prevent this, pure distilled water is that the use of. Applies to domestic animals and plants be used up. The use of pure distilled water in aquariums, we recommend that even watering the plants, if you want your fish to live longer and have a healthy-looking plants. This is because pure distilled water is free of any contaminants.

It is also used in the storing of contact lenses and the washing of wounds during the operation. Our body's internal organs are exposed to the air, when the skin is cloven in surgery, it is therefore necessary to maintain a clean, so that nothing undesirable. Whereas that pure distilled water is without this undesirable contaminants, is the best choice in this situation.

We use more than we realize it in our daily life. The benefit is just something that man can enjoy, but also to diversify to other users such as, for example, domestic uses, as well as foreign exploitation.

Safe water from the tank of drinking water

Water is a very important element in the life of man. Water means life, health and survival. Without water, life will cease to exist. In fact, a person can survive longer with water than with food only.

Water also has many important functions in the human body. These features ensure the continuity of life and better health of human beings. For example, water is used as a solvent in the human body, when the wash from the toxins that are able to enter the human body. Therefore, it is important to regularly drink water for a considerable amount of containers and with safe and clean drinking water.

However, one must be careful in the water that we drink. Otherwise, you may experience adverse effects on the health and life. It is the irony of drinking water. Although it is known and accepted that the water provides better health and a good life, it may also kill life and cause the deterioration of health.

Unsafe drinking water, can cause various diseases. These diseases are too many to the point of the range of less fatal ones. Examples of water-borne disease are headache, skin problems, such as eczema and cancer. These water borne illness occurs when a person drinks the water, which is dangerous and unclean. This means that the water contains some harmful substances such as chlorine, synthetic organic chemicals and lead, which activate these diseases.

Indeed, the water carries the disease is dangerous and avoid. It can be made safe to drink the purified water from the container clean drinking water. Safe, purified water is hard to find. Water from the tap is certainly not reliable, therefore, may contain certain impurities. On the market are available, many of the bottled water. However, not all of them are reliable. Some are even the water from the tap.

There is also a drinking water that has undergone reverse osmosis method. This type of drinking water is clean and safe. The only problem is that some minerals such as potassium, magnesium and calcium are lost during the method of reverse osmosis. These minerals are essential to the human body and improve health.

The best choice for potable water is purified water, filtered through a system of filtering home. However, not all filtering systems are effective. You must select those that you do not use chlorine and completely remove all contaminants.

Currently the best available filtering system on the market, see the Aquasana. Aquasana water filtration system that is installed in your House. It is not the best product just because it has different models to meet the needs of your health, but also helps in weight loss, skin hydration and nutrient assimilation.

Unlike the method of reverse osmosis essential minerals such as calcium, magnesium and potassium are still preserved the filtered water and contaminants that are harmful to the health of the filtered and deleted. The filtered water by Aquasana, together with clean drinking water containers are really the best for you and your family.

Safety tips to prevent food borne diseases in summer

Picnic and BBQ season is us great part of our focus is on the warmer weather and outdoor restaurant. But now is also a good time to refresh our memories on food security and the prevention of illness from food-borne diseases. We can take two approaches to protect our health from food illness: kitchen cleanliness and proper storage of food and food preparation.

The purity of the kitchen: in clean kitchen may be cross-contamination. Good practice means household immediately washing nothing that comes into contact with raw meat, using, cleaning up the rag is dedicated exclusively to the cleaning of tools and surfaces that come into contact with raw meat or poultry. Some restaurants use to work in areas where raw meat is processed and White tablecloths in areas where it is processed or cooked food pink clothes. Is it wise to confine the processing of raw meat such as small area as far as possible, such as a sink, and thoroughly wipe after preparing the meat.

Dilute the mixture of hot water and chlorine bleach is an effective disinfectant for the sterilization of surfaces, where raw meat is treated. Keep on-hand inventory for the practical disinfection wipes or Lysol made from chlorine, of which 99% of bacteria. Use a towel to clean counters and tools, and then cancel to avoid the spread of bacteria and contamination substance to other surfaces. I spray bottles with 1/2/3cást of chlorine on 3díly water hand surfaces and wipe the pycnometer dry with paper towels. Allow the mixture to set on the surface of chlorine a few minutes before wiping clean and discarding of paper towels.

Food handling: safe food processing begins at the time of purchase. In the best case of the meat or poultry will be used shortly after purchase, but if not, should be stored between 28F and 32F in space meat refrigerator. If the meat is not used within two days, it should be wrapped in plastic and permeable-the stored in the freezer to use, but no more than 6 to 12 months. The meat should be thawed in the refrigerator only, never at room temperature, which could develop bacteria, yeasts, fungi or viruses.

E. coli is the most famous food borne bacteria, and can live in the meat and vegetables. Food can be contaminated with it, in fact: undercooked hamburger and roast beef, unpasteurized milk, unpasteurized cider processed from unwashed apples, which fell on the soils of contaminated manure sick cows, vegetables in soils fertilization with the cow's manure. There is no way how a farmer, but careful and conscientious, cannot know which cow is contaminated and who is not. It is therefore the Cook prepare foods are used properly and in accordance with safe food handling guidelines.

The Ministry of agriculture has prepared a list of Fahrenheit temperatures, which should be cooked meat, poultry and eggs to kill food borne bacteria. The temperature shall be measured NET, instant-read thermometer inserted in the thickest part of the meat. Reference the table below:

Fresh beef, lamb, pork: 160F

Beef, veal and lamb: roasts, steaks, chops: 145F (medium rare); 160F (medium); 170F (very good)

Fresh pork: roasts, steaks, chops: 160F (medium); 170F (very good)

Ham: Cook before eating: 160F

Ham: fully cooked to heat: 140F

Ground poultry: chicken, Turkey: 165F

Poultry: a whole chicken, Turkey: 180F

Poultry: breasts, roasts: 170F

Poultry: thighs & wings: Cook until clear juices

Stuffing (cooked alone or in bird): 165F

Egg dishes, baked: 160F

Residues: 165F

For more information, call the USDA meat and poultry hotline at 1-800-535-4555.

Fruit and vegetables: raw food, such as, for example, the products should be cleaned thoroughly under cool running water in the area free from pollution of raw meat preparation. Separate dishes and cutting boards should be used for products and meat to avoid cross-contamination.

Vegetables are best stored chilled slow deterioration. Refrigeration of fruit and vegetables causes all the metabolic activities, including breathing, slow down. Most of the fruit and vegetables are best stored in a refrigerator temperatures and in conditions where oxygen is limited. Save the vegetables in the refrigerator crisper, were unwashed, until use.

The amazing benefits of distilled water

Water is required for all living organisms to maintain life. Human blood is composed of 95% of the water and the brain is about 75% water. People can go with the food for weeks, but without water, causes the death until after a few days.

What is it
Distilled water was heated to boiling point, so that the impurities are separated from the water, which itself becomes a vapor or steam. It is then condensed back into clean liquid form. Distillation removes debris, all solid substances, minerals, bacteria and other contaminants, and has no taste.

Indeed, the importance of clean water
Distilled water has a special advantage for the human body. The quality of your tissues, their performance and their resistance to disease and injuries are linked to the quality and quantity of water you drink.

Operates a bit like a magnet, to pick up the rejected, discarded, and the unusable inorganic minerals and elimination from the body. When the consumption of distilled water, the body must process all inorganic wastes, which may sometimes be in the running water. The function of the body more efficiently without having to filter out and discard any unwanted and unusable waste. This means a better absorption of key vitamins and minerals in the body. Also because the distilled water has the ability to pick up the mineral deposits that accumulate in the cells, connections, and the walls, things such as gallstones and kidney stones. Reduces pain and artritické joints supple and floating.

Experts agree that, to maintain optimum health, it is necessary to drink 8-10 glasses of water a day. Water helps to clean the blood, to flush out the waste and cleaning the elimination organs; kidney, liver and colon. It's a fantastic way to maintain a healthy skin and keep it youthful appearance.

The danger of tap water
Most people get their water from household plumbing. Most of this water goes through the cleaning system in the local water treatment plant. Many of the harmful pollutants and water borne diseases, however, are present in the final treated water. If you've ever seen what is in the lower part of the gallon City running water and after it has been distilled within you would be ill! Brown silt covers the distillers after just one gallon of gas. Imagine what it does to the body, when he spends hundreds of gallons per year

Half the population of the US uses water, which is partly made up of recently produced waste water. And as a treatment for drinking water, waste water cannot delete many toxic substances. Even bottled water "Spring" is only the law will be 50% of the spring water. The rest can be created, purified municipal tap water.

Leech has distilled water minerals from the body
While distilled water helps remove minerals from the body, which cells removed or not, it's not "leach" of mineral substances, which have become part of your body's cell structure. It is physiologically impossible. There are two kinds of minerals, organic and inorganic. Inorganic minerals are-vegetable or animal matter, things such as rocks, which are non-viable. Because these components are inactive, our bodies are not able to take advantage of these minerals and our cells to refuse. The result of ingestion of these minerals is recorded fragments in the body. Organic minerals are live and in all the live food such as vegetables, fruit, seeds, grains, meat and nuts. Shall, by means of our cells and is used to build and maintain the body. A statement that the distilled water humusech minerals from the body, in fact, have no basis. Does not leach of mineral substances, which have become part of the cell structure. Collects only minerals which have already been rejected or excluded cells.

It is my view that cannot be improved through distillation. It's literally a method used by nature itself. The Sun heats water on the surface, the water is turned into steam and additions, let the contaminants. Humidity will then form into the clouds. When the temperature drops, the vapour cools and forms water droplets. Water drops fall like rain, distilled and clean. It is the same process, which is made commercially distilled water. Tap water is heated to the boiling point, so that the impurities are separated from the water and the water is then transformed into steam. It is then condensed back into water, leave to remain as impurities and leaving the rest of the net, pH balanced water.

If you want to find more great information and articles about health, nutrition and fitness, visit the www.dynamicsofmotion.com:

The need for a Times-waste water treatment systems

Pollution is the main issue facing urban communities throughout the world. Whether in the form of air, soil or water pollution, the phenomenon will affect our lives in several ways. The increasing cases of asthma, poor quality food, fruit and vegetables and the spread of water-borne diseases are just some of the impacts of pollution.

The Development Of Harmony

Cities around the world are struggling with the lack of hygiene and sanitation caused by poor infrastructure planning. In most cases, the available resources and facilities prove insufficient to support the growing population.
Urban development in harmony with the environment is an important part of the city's planning, which is often overlooked in most places. A well-planned settlement with facilities for the cleaning of water both for drinking purposes, as well as recycling is for healthy living. Industrial units, one of the main sources of water pollution should be from residential zones with equipment for the treatment of waste water in boilers and odcerpávajících.

The advantages for the treatment of water

Recycled water used for agriculture and landscaping purposes. In coastal areas or places where heavy rainfall the storm water and rain water treatment systems provide large quantities of water to the community, shall be used for different purposes from residential hygiene related to large scale irrigation.

Advanced technology with the traditional means

Several urban and semi urban areas have extensive cleaning devices that use a sophisticated filter systems. These systems are usually based on up to three levels of cleaning based on physical, chemical and biological processes. Physical filtration method is based on traditional ways of using sand, pebbles and sediment of the Chamber. Advanced filtration processes include materials such as activated carbon, an ion exchange process, artificial and biological membranes, and the like.

In most places on a large scale as well as for domestic purposes is widely used system of cleaning water. Entire cities are served by waste water, which are located in different places. Small water purifier units in many households use the same filter technique, albeit on a small scale.

Health is wealth

Unit for the treatment of water for drinking purposes, also set the use of additives such as chlorine and water softeners, together with other methods. Storm water runoffs are now being systematically collected in reservoirs and treatment plants, which is used for flushing toilets, water and trees on the area. It reduces the incidence of diseases such as malaria, which occurs because of stagnant water. Also the presence of other water borne disease significantly lowered too in the places where the waste water has been set.

Often that, together with the financial constraints, lack of knowledge, awareness and infrastructure resulted in environmental degradation. Most of the city planning authorities have tried to resolve the allocation of a separate fund for environmental issues in the context of the maintenance of public health and hygiene.

The risk of contaminated water

You can't see them. You can smell it. But bottled water and tap water may contain contaminants, such as aluminium, chlorine and lead-which may have an impact on your health.

The law of tap water from your tap and bottled water should be "acceptable" or low levels of contaminants and should be free of harmful organisms that cause typhoid, gastroenteritis, cholera and other water-borne diseases.

Despite these rigid measures the water may be contaminated as a result of human activity or nature. And even if contaminants are below the legal limit of the Government, they can still constitute a threat to vulnerable groups such as pregnant women and people with cancer or AIDS.

Drinking contaminated water can lead to problems in addition to the fact that it can destroy your skin! As you know, water is essential for a healthy and beautiful skin. This helps To eliminate toxins from the body and makes the skin soft, smooth and yet.

However, dirty or polluted water, may have an impact on your health and the cause of the disease affecting the skin, so old and ugly. To show you what I mean, here's a roundup of possible contaminants in drinking water, which could cause problems:

Aluminium-it is almost everywhere-in tableware and cutlery, antacidem, baking powder, food additives, underarm deodorants and water. High brain aluminum levels, however, found in people suffering from Alzheimer's disease. It is also associated with dementia. In animals this element causes of epilepsy and other neurological disorders.

Chlorine used to disinfect the water, but also reacts with organic substances in the water to form chloroform and other trihalomethanes (THM), which may increase the risk of bladder and rectal cancer and cause an abortion. Also affects the taste and smell of the water.

Keep-it is taken from the corroded or soldered with lead piping and brass taps reaches your home. This metal can cause impotence and infertility in men and damage the nervous system, heart, bones and kidneys. It can also cause hearing loss and learning of children.

If you want to avoid these problems, I don't want to drink water from unknown safety and have your water tested regularly on government certified testing laboratories. For wrinkle skin drink plenty of clean water, more exercises or always on the go. To prevent dehydration, which can lead to kidney stones and urinary tract infection, among others.

If you want to keep your skin youthful glow, use Dermaxin. This popular works such as Botox cream too, but in the long-term harm your health and your wallet. Dermaxin moisturizes, hydrates and revitalizes the skin, reduce fine lines and wrinkles and help rebuild a beautiful skin. Http://www.dermaxin.com a look at the details.

The water crisis-we have from the water

It is worrying that we're talking about the water crisis, food shortages or problems when two-thirds of our world consists of water. Only 2.5% of the bulk of the water on Earth, is fresh and suitable for human and agricultural use. This water use a finite resource. 2.5% of the 99 percent of the glaciers, glaciers or held in a Dungeon. Only 1% of fresh water is therefore available for almost 7 billion human population and myriad forms of life.

This fraction of freshwater is distributed unequally throughout the world. So some people are many, while others have almost none. In some countries, such as Nigeria and Mali, the quantity is not a problem, but the distribution and quality they are. This is usually so in developing countries.

Each year approximately 3.575 million people die from diseases related to water. Million people have died globally poor sanitation and contaminated water. Ninety percent of victims are children. More than one-third of the world's population seriously affected by the crisis of water and sanitation.

While the world's population tripled in the 20. century, with a six-fold increased use of renewable water resources. In the next 50 years the world's population will increase by a further 40 to 50%. This population growth, together with the industrialization and urbanization, will have the effect of increasing demand for water and will have serious consequences for the environment. The water crisis should therefore continue to be deepening.

People without water

More than one in six people do not have access to safe drinking water, namely the 1.1 billion people, and more than two of the six lacks sufficient hygiene, namely 2,6 billion people 3900 children die every day from water-borne diseases. A man must know that these figures represent only the people with very poor conditions. In fact, these figures should be much higher.

As the source is increasingly scarce, tensions between the different users can enhance, at the national and international level. More than 260 river basins are shared by two or more countries. In the absence of strong institutions and agreements within the framework of the basin changes can lead to tension limit trans. When major projects continue without regional cooperation, can become a place of conflict, increased regional instability. La Plata, Paraná, the Aral Sea, the Jordan River and the Danube may serve as examples. Because of the pressure on the part of the waters of the Aral Sea has disappeared

Towards a way to improve the situation

Today's crisis is not a witness of the water too little water to satisfy our needs, but rather a crisis of bad water management.

With the current state of Affairs adopted corrective measures may still be to check the deterioration of the situation. There is a growing awareness that our freshwater resources are limited and must be protected in terms of both quantity and quality. The challenge of water affects not only the water Community, but also policy makers, and every human being.

Any use of the freshwater (agriculture, industry, domestic use), huge savings of water and the improvement of water management is possible. Almost everywhere in the world the waste of water, and so long as it is not facing a water shortage, believes that access to water is clear and natural. Urbanization and changes in lifestyle and the position of the water consumption is obliged to increase. However, changes in food habits, for example, may reduce the problem, the knowledge that the cultivation of 1 kg of potatoes, only requires 100 litres of water, while the 1 kg of beef requires 13 000 litres.

Cross-border cooperation

As regards the border conflicts are concerned, the regional economic development and cultural preservation can strengthen all States shall cooperate on issues associated with water instead of water-management war tendency can be seen as a trend of cooperation and peace. Many initiatives are executed to avoid crises. Institutional commitments are created as the River Senegal.

The water crisis facts
43% of deaths related to the water are caused by diarrhoea.
84% of deaths related to water are children age 0-14.
98% of water-related deaths occur in the developing world.
884 million people lack access to safe water supplies, approximately one in eight people.
Water and sanitation crisis claims more lives through disease than war claims through guns.
In a given time, half of the world's hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering from diseases associated with water.

Three steps in the fight against food poisoning from

Each year, 76 million people in the US, the Treaty of food born illness, according to the Centers for disease control estimates. This number is equal to nearly a quarter of the total US population, which most of us have a chance of 1 in 4 of the food poisoning. With such a chance, it is important to know what to do if you suspect you are suffering from food poisoning. Although most cases considerably quickly runs away, is a big difference between one uncontrollable vomiting and diarrhoea and three days.

First step: Manage symptoms

There is a trio of symptoms, which usually indicate that the person is suffering from food poisoning: stomach pain, vomiting and diarrhea. Containing these symptoms is the first key to faster recovery. Zeolite Add-ons are extremely effective in stopping diarrhea and pull toxins from the digestive tract. As soon as diarrhoea and vomiting is stabilized, it is necessary to eat normally again. Make sure to avoid food or beverages in sugar, fat, caffeine or alcohol high to nearly all of the symptoms.

Second step: oral rehydration

Vomiting and diarrhea to steal a huge amount of fluids from the body and lead to dehydration and a feeling of weakness. Oral rehydration is important to get back into the natural strength. Drinking rehydration drinks and sports drinks help work very quickly, than just drinking water. To replace the electrolytes, diarrhea and vomiting.

Third step: the fight against infectious agent

Food poisoning comes in the form of a bacterium, virus or parasite. Food poisoning caused by bacteria or viruses the most natural treatment. Some of the tea have natural antibacterial and antiviral properties that may help the body to the eradication of an infectious agent much faster. Ginger, lemon and clove are known among this group. There are also zeolite added that are combined with naturally occurring delousing can help diarrhea and fight the virus, when in the correct dosage.

Important: Antibiotics do more harm than good, when used to treat food poisoning and is used only in very exceptional cases. Natural solutions are usually more balanced responses.

Tomato plant disease

There are sooo many diseases that can attack your tomato plants is horrible. Here are some of the most common tomato problems:

Early blight-land, caused by the fungus was born, and the culprit is excessive water and affecting the foliage, leaves and fruits.
Blossom Rot-is due to the low concentration of calcium in fruit
The late misfortunes-also caused by the fungus, which manifests itself in damp soil and foliage and fruit affects.

There are ways to help the fight against these diseases and the fall is absolutely the best time to do it. If you are a serious gardener, and they want to produce your best, you must start, stabilize your land now. High ecological ways to prepare the soil are the following:

1. download all the dead plants and sick bag or burning and I.
2. To prepare to land on a thick layer of your domestic compost.
3. mix the compost and fertilizer nitrogen in superphosphate, high low, such as 4-12-4 or 5-20-5, (for calcium) in the big 5 gallon bucket, add water to make tea such as mixture and spread the mixture generously throughout the garden.
4. cover the whole garden with a thick layer of Mulch in your home. (From news clippings, grass, sawdust, coffee grounds, dead leaves, etc.)

It'll just start the process of conditioning for the next year, but adding this layer of Mulch to help prevent this nutrient rich compost escaped during rainy days.

Repeat the same procedure, after the last freezing and right before I'm ready to give all of my new seedlings in the country, but now add Epsom salts into the mixture. It provides land with magnesium and sulphur, are important minerals for the germination of the seeds. It is also important for the production of Chlorophyll, which we transform sunlight into food and will also help your plants grow bushier, to produce more flowers and improve their introduction on the nitrogen and phosphorus and plants.
It is important to bear in mind that if you have a problem with the blight rotate your garden, so that your tomato plants are not in the same place was in the previous season. Anthrax is a soil fungus, born, which may survive the winter and your nightmare anthrax to start again.

Implementation of the abovementioned period prior to the season soil Conditioning makes your garden the best chance for a healthy and productive as it can be.

Now sit back and relax and the all these mouth watering, large juicy tomatoes, it appears that your tomato plants will produce this spring.

Water purifiers in each House of the need to prevent water borne diseases

The rise in the water borne diseases around the world has given birth to water purifiers. Each year thousands of people fall ill because of the receipt of contaminated water. Water-purifying tablets not only removes impurities from the water, but also destroys the disease causing bacteria and viruses, allowing our family protection from harmful diseases. Companies like Eureka-forbes, clean it, TATA swach-, Usha Brita, Bajaj, Kent, Kenstar, etc are some of the products cleaner and provides customers with the best in class product at an affordable price.

When purchasing a Water Purifier, one should carefully make the comparison between products that are available to buy, what best suits his or her pocket. Available cleaners on the market can be compared with regard to the ability to reduce the contamination, the total cost, storage capacity, comfort, technology used, the ability to remove toxins, water purification system multi phase and the cost per gallon of gas. With the number of water purification tablets available in the market, the key to prefer domestic water purifier in India is by comparing the features of competitors.

From the cleaning of vegetables and food until the drink, the water is the most important thing in our lives. About 80% of human diseases due to impurities in the water that we receive and these impurities may take our lives. There is a great demand for cleaner RO (reverse osmosis) in India. This treatment is not only purifies the contaminated water, but also removes salt from sea water, together with minerals like magnesium and calcium.

Water-purifying tablets, Kent are quality product which has acquired great reputation as a quality and well recognized symbol for water purification. This company started RO technology in India and soon became a leader in the segment. Currently connects the RO and UV double cleaning harmful micro-organisms, it kills, but preserves the essential minerals. Also was awarded with the prize "the best domestic machines" of UNESCO.

These cleaners are designed to go through 4 stages of purification, which ensures that you get the best results possible. Now a day the company began to use the technology of mineral ro to the removal of dissolved impurities in the water and preserves the essential minerals, which everyone needs. These cleaners also have microprocessors, which control the process of cleaning, water level indicator and signal computer controlled filter change.

You can still learn more on http://www.mayoclinic.com/ and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

Water purifiers-clean up your life

We all know that water is a very important part of our life. In fact, we can't live one day without water. On the other hand, it is the only thing that is the cause, the maximum number of deaths in our country. Water borne diseases have spread a multitude of today such as Cholera, Escherichia and many others. The best way to avoid these health problems is to get the Water Purifier at home. People often get confused between the water filters and water purification tablets. Water purification tablets to remove the smallest bacterium Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Cholera, while water filters remove all of these. It is very important to have good machines for you and your family's safety.

Although water filters to remove chemicals and the foul smell, but you cannot remove the smallest virus micro organisms just cleanse can do it. Now, if you know the difference between the water filter and Purifier of water, it depends on what you select. There are many types of products on the market, which can be obtained at very reasonable prices as; Reverse osmosis, UV purifiers under sinks cleaner and portable for him. Reverse osmosis cleaners are generally intended for commercial purposes and in large places. Removes unwanted impurities and bacteria, but not so good in the conservation of minerals in the water.

If you are looking for machines for your House then UV cleaner is the best way to go. Removes all unnecessary impurities and preserves the valuable minerals with good taste. These are EPA approved water purifiers, which take care of all the impurities present in them. Although tap water is also handled by the municipal corporations, but viruses and bacteria which can cause health problems. Under the sink with water under this type of Purifier just cleaner. Another factor that is added to these purifiers is their portability. Many cleaners are manufactured in such a way that you can easily on any trips such as picnics, festivals, etc.

You can buy from all domestic appliances shop. It is very important for good machines and the company. Whereas, therefore, require that you need to buy good and allegedly the company. There are many online sites where you can also select an attractive and affordable for it. These pages give you the best price to buy what you want. From the House, keep material to big business to get everything on these pages. You can easily select the method of payment for their water purifying tablets. In General, the payment is carried out through credit card or cash on delivery.

You can still learn more on http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ and http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/hp.asp

Water-purifying tablets and filters to ensure the safety of water

The main problem that people are today  How safe is the water you drink everyday The biggest reason for the creation of home water purifiers and filters is the existence of harmful chemical substances and certain toxic metals in water-in the water, which we swallow to a large quantity after serious exercise or during all those hot afternoon, the water that we use when we soupchicken, water, which we use to clean clothes and climb out of the showerhead, when we're alone clean water.

You can see how often we use water in our daily life It is an established fact that human beings can survive for days without food, but not without water. See how critical water is And that is how basic domestic water purifiers and filters are the same, because they are now those who are responsible in ensuring that people use water for their physical health safe. Good domestic water purifier and filter use several layers of the filter to remove contaminants and bacteria to ensure clean water for us.

A very alarming information collected reliable and allegedly Ralph Nader research group illuminating the public that there is a total of more than 200 of harmful chemical substances, swimming in the water, that Americans use and drinking. It show that the home water filters and purifiers have become more important, given that the research group added that these chemicals may cause cancer. Whoah! Who would like to have a Big C

Safe, life-tasting and odourless water can provide water purification tablets, these home and filters, and the highest time really is after your primary health care needs. In the hospital, and stressed out, complications from unsafe water, it is exciting, between the last, which the State has on you or a family member. Therefore, a good system of water purification and filtering of your House, it is necessary to ensure the safe and healthy living.

Now, as you know, do yourself a favor and choose between the many home water purifiers and filters that are available on the market today and start protecting yourself and your loved ones from the possibility of getting infected with water borne diseases.

You can still learn more on www.netdoctor.co.uk and http://www.patient.co.uk/

What is now in the water

TAlmost everyone that drinks backcountry water knows there are microscopic organisms in untreated water that can make people ill. Unfortunately, there is lack of agreement about how common the problem is, or what people should do about it. It is not unusual to see articles in outdoor magazines that combine correct with incorrect information about how to deal with backcountry drinking water. The problem here is: outdoor magazine editors don't have to have science degrees, and the writers submitting articles are generally only partly informed about microorganisms in water and their safe removal.

The information contained in this report has been compiled mainly from web-pages available on-line from the U.S. Center For Disease Control (CDC) and the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA). Other sources are available on the internet and credited at the end of the report. I have done my best to be un-biased, relative to information I have read, or know from practical use (I also have a Forestry degree from the U. of Idaho with a minor in Biology). My inspiration has been the best ever report on "What's in the Water" by Mark Jenkins in the December 1996 issue of Backpacker. That article hit a journalistic high for articles in outdoor magazines on problems with outdoor H2O. In the last 13 years things have changed and a new report on "What's in the Water" is needed. This is my much-researched attempt to amend the Mark Jenkins report.

There are three general classifications of waterborne disease-causing microorganisms. From largest to smallest, they are: Protozoa, Bacteria, and Virus. Very few of these microorganisms naturally occur in outdoor water they instead are primarily introduced into H2O from animal and human feces.

Protozoa are by far the most common disease-causing microorganism in back-country water. Protozoa are also the largest and easiest microorganism to remove with microfiltration, but the hardest to kill with chemicals.

Articles on microorganisms in backcountry water usually warn about two protozoa: Girardia and Cryptosporidium. Both these protozoa are common worldwide and in North America a 1992 study found that 97% of U.S. rivers and lakes contain one or both of them. Besides being carried in the intestines of many mammal species, a significant percent of humans also carry these protozoa. Testing of human feces found in archaeological sites has revealed both Giardia and Cryptosporidium were carried by Native Americans over 2,000 ago. Giardia was first identified under the microscope in 1681 (from human feces).

The prevalence of Giardia in human stool specimens submitted for examination ranges from 2% to 5% in industrialized countries, and from 20% to 30% in developing countries. From 1979 through 1988, an estimated 4,600 hospitalizations per year in the United States resulted from severe Giardiasis (the disease caused by Giardia) and its complications. The CDC reports during 1991-2000 Giardia was identified as a causal agent of 16.2% of reported drinking-water associated outbreaks of gastroenteritis of known or suspected infectious etiology.

Cryptosporidium may be just as common as Giardia. U.S. FDA-Bad Bug Book Direct Human Surveys: indicate a prevalence of Cryptosporidium in about 2% of the population in North America. In 1991 two studies found Cryptosporidium present in between 65% to 87% of U.S. surface-water samples.

One problem in identifying protozoan infections is they typically have a long incubation period, before symptoms are noticeable 5 to 28 days after you drink untreated water you finally notice you are ill.

Although both Giardia and Cryptosporidium are relatively common, symptoms can be quite severe as per the following table.?
Table 2. Symptoms of 205 patients with confirmed cases of cryptosporidiosis during the Milwaukee outbreak

Symptom Percent(%) 
Watery diarrhea 93%
Abdominal Cramps 84%
Weight Loss (Median 10 lbs) 75%

Fever Median 100.9 F., range: 98.7-104.9 F. 57%
Vomiting 48%

Although Giardia symptoms are similar to Cryptosporidium symptoms: generally there is not a fever. Some Giardia victims (less than 4%) remain symptomatic more than 2 weeks. In them, it becomes a chronic intestinal condition that can last for years and be life-threatening, due to severe weight loss. Giardia does generally respond to treatment with several different drugs.

Waterborne protozoa can be removed by microfiltration with any Katadyn or MSR microfilter.

However, I must note that recent testing at University of Arizona led the researchers to issue the following statement about using iodine tablets to treat water.9
"These data strongly suggest that iodine disinfection is not effective in inactivating Cryptosporidium oocysts in water. Because this organism is common in all surface waters, it is recommended that another method of treatment be used before ingestion."

Chlorine Dioxide at a concentration of 4 PPM (parts per million) has been demonstrated to kill Cryptosporidium, but it can take up to 4 hours in cold dirty water. Katadyn Micropur is the best known brand of Chlorine Dioxide Tablets.

Until 2005, Cryptosporidium sufferers had to let the disease run it's course which can be several weeks of suffering. The drug Alinia, which contains the active ingredient, nitazoxanide, is now prescribed for both Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections. Alinia effects a cure in about a week in a high percentage of those infected.

Likely, many serious outdoor people contracted Giardia or Cryptosporidum during a long-ago adventure or in the most common place that people are infected: their daycare center, during infancy. They may now have resistance to those protozoa from earlier infections, or carry one or both of these protozoa in their intestines without showing serious symptoms (estimates are up to 15% of infected people may be asymptomatic carriers).

If, in the distant past, you have consumed untreated backcountry water, or if you have a whitewater boating background, or if you are someone who claims: "there ain't no bugs in that there water", it's probable you are one of them an asymptomatic protozoa carrier.

The protozoa that causes Ameobic Dysentery (Entamoeba histololytica) is uncommon in North America, and very unlikely to affect outdoor people here. However in South America, Africa, and S.E. Asia: it causes more deaths than any other parasite, except those that cause Malaria. One study indicated that up to 12% of the world's population may be infected by E. histololytica with 10% of those having clinical symptoms.? The most dramatic incident in the USA was the Chicago World's Fair outbreak in 1933 caused by contaminated drinking-water. There were 1,000 cases (with 58 deaths). There have been scattered cases of Ameobic Dysentery reported in urban areas in the U.S. since 1988.

Other waterborne protozoa that infect humans are: Cyclospora cayetanensis, Isospora belli, and Microsporidia (five genera of this huge group have been implicated in human disease). These other protozoa are not often tested for or identified, but they can cause severe diarrhea and other more profound symptoms. Cyclospora and Microsporidia are common worldwide and are carried by many animals species, while Isospora belli is believed to only infect humans and is found in tropical areas worldwide.

Bacteria

Waterborne bacteria that infect humans: are the same that we are warned about in meat that has not been properly processed and cooked. The method of transmission is the same animal or human feces contamination.

People drinking water downstream from where livestock, or in some cases where wild animals, have been defecating: are also at risk of catching these bacteria. Generally only a small number of bacteria need to be ingested to cause illness. Some outdoors-people may also have a natural resistance to a particular strain of water-carried bacteria, while others may carry these bacteria in their intestines and infect others without showing symptoms (asymptomatic carriers).

All these bacteria can cause severe diarrhea, and fever. Other more severe symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are not unusual. Without antibiotic treatment some victims may suffer sufficient fluid loss from diarrhea to cause death.

Campylobacter jejuni: appears to be the most common bacteria in backcountry water. During a study in the early 1980's: Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 25% of the people with diarrheal disease acquired in the area of Grand Teton National Park Wyoming. Campylobacter were found in a stream at 7,700 ft. (2,350 m.) in Grand Teton National Park.

The authors of the study believed the water sample and the number of people infected from drinking surface water in the mountains "suggests that a C. jejuni serotype can survive in alpine water. In vitro studies have demonstrated that Campylobacter remains viable for months in surface water kept at 4? C. (39? F.)."? Campylobacter is commonly carried by poultry, horses, and cows; it is found in most migratory waterfowl, some rodents, and may be present in deer, elk, and bears.

Campylobacter is the most common bacterial causes of diarrheal illness in the United States. Campylobacter infections are estimated to affect over 1 million persons every year, or 0.5% of the general population. Most people who become ill with Campylobacter: get diarrhea, cramping, abdominal pain, and fever within 2 to 5 days after exposure to the organism. The diarrhea may be bloody and can be accompanied by nausea and vomiting. The illness typically lasts 1 week, but there can be serious long-term problems. Some persons who are infected with Campylobacter are asymptomatic.

Shigella: which causes bacillary dysentery, is also thought to be transmitted from wild animal feces in some places. Every year, about 18,000 cases of Shigellosis are reported in the United States. Because many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported, the actual number of infections may be twenty times greater. Children, especially toddlers aged 2 to 4, are the most likely to be infected.

E. Coli Currently, there are four recognized classes of enterovirulent E. coli (collectively referred to as the EEC group) that cause gastroenteritis in humans. The most frequent clinical syndrome of infection includes watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, low-grade fever, nausea and malaise. E. coli is a normal inhabitant of the intestines of all animals, including humans. A minority of E. coli strains are capable of causing human illness.

Salmonella are a large group of similar species of bacteria and are common worldwide in water that is contaminated by livestock or human feces. Although the CDC states there are over 40,000 infections reported yearly in the U.S. most of these are from food, rather than contaminated water.

Salmonella typhi. Travelers to Asia, Africa, and South America can fear Typhoid Fever (which now has antibiotic resistant strains) from untreated water. Typhoid fever is a life-threatening diarrheal illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. In the United States about 400 cases occur each year, and 75% of these are acquired while traveling internationally. Typhoid fever is still common in the developing world, where it affects about 21.5 million persons each year. Immunization shots or boosters are strongly recommended for international travelers.

Cholera: Cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The infection is often mild or without symptoms, but sometimes it can be severe. Approximately one in 20 infected persons has severe disease characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. In these persons, rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shock. Without treatment, death can occur within hours. It is very uncommon in North America and Europe, but continues to kill many people in S. America, Africa and Asia.

Other Bacteria: Plesiomonas shigelloides has been identified in outbreaks of diarrhea and fever in the U.S from contaminated water. It is relatively rare. Yersinia enterocolitica has caused waterborne disease outbreaks in Alaska & Japan. It is a common bacteria and has caused various out- breaks in food and dairy products. It produces symptoms as gastroenteritis with diarrhea or vomiting; however, fever and abdominal pain are the hallmark symptoms. Both these bacteria have been isolated from such animals as pigs, birds, beavers, cats, and dogs.

Viruses

Waterborne viruses, that infect humans, have only one source human feces from infected carriers. These viruses include: rotavirus, caliciviruses-which now include the norovirus group with Norwalk virus, adenovirus, astrovirus, Hepatitis A & E, and enteroviruses (which include those that cause Polio and Viral-Meningitis). More than half of the infections with these viruses only cause mild or asymptomatic illness but they can cause a wide range of serious and even life-threatening illnesses especially in children.

The two most common water-borne viruses in North America rotovirus and noroviruses are responsible for numerous outbreaks in restaurants each year of what is commonly called "food-poisoning". Outbreaks of both have occurred from well or river water contaminated with raw sewage. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has noted outbreaks of norovirus in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River. The Grand Canyon outbreaks have been traced to a sewage treatment facility at the base of Glen Canyon Dam just above the Grand Canyon.

Norovirus and the calcivirus group: Symptoms of norovirus are usually over within 48 hours, and include headache, fever, vomiting and diarrhea. Noroviruses are relatively resistant to environmental challenge from cold or heat. Moreover, noroviruses can survive in up to 10 ppm chlorine: well in excess of levels routinely present in public water systems (they are however destroyed by Chlorine Dioxide at 1ppm in 30 minutes.)

Rotavirus: The incubation period for rotavirus disease is approximately 2 days. The disease is characterized by vomiting and watery diarrhea for 3 - 8 days, and fever and abdominal pain occur frequently. Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among children, resulting in the hospitalization of approximately 55,000 children each year in the United States and the death of over 600,000 children annually worldwide.

Hepatitis A: Although hepatitis A, does cause occasional outbreaks in food in the U.S., it has not been recognized as a culprit in backcountry water disease here. However in South America, Africa, and Asia; it and other viruses can be life-threatening in contaminated water. Hepatitis A affects liver function and be a very serious disease, or a long-lasting low-grade infection. Immunization shots are strongly recommended for international travelers.

Hepatitis E has not been a problem in the U.S. water supply. It is estimated to cause 2% mortality in the general population and up to 30% mortality in pregnant women. Major waterborne epidemics have occurred in India (1955 and 1975-1976), USSR (1955-1956), Nepal (1973), Burma (1976-1977), Algeria (1980-1981), Ivory Coast (1983-1984), in refugee camps in Eastern Sudan and Somalia (1985-6), and in Borneo (1987). The first outbreaks reported in the American continents occurred in Mexico in late 1986.

Enteroviruses: The enterovirus family contains at least 62 different viruses that infect humans. The most dangerous cause Polio (now eradicated in the Americas); while others cause aseptic (viral) meningitis-symptoms include fever, severe headache, stiff neck, and nausea and vomiting. Most of the enteroviruses cause cold-like or flu-like symptoms. The CDC states: "Enteroviruses may be found in water sources such as private wells. Wells become contaminated when feces from infected humans enter the water through various means, including sewage."

Enteric adenovirus, astroviruses: These commonly infect young children with viral gastroenteritis. They may be transmitted by infected food or water. Viral gastroenteritis is characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malaise, abdominal pain, headache, and fever. The infectious dose is not known but is presumed to be low. Symptoms last 2 to 9 days.

Enteric adenovirus is the most common virus in this group and causes 5-20% of the gastroenteritis in young children. Adenoviruses most commonly cause respiratory illness; however, depending on the infecting serotype, they may also cause various other illnesses, such as gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, cystitis, and rash illness. A recent study notes that adenovirus is not destroyed by UV light disinfection.

Other Things to worry about in water!

Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, can produce toxins that may taint drinking water. Humans who drink water that contains high concentrations of cyanobacteria or cyanobacterial toxins may experience gastroenteritis, allergic responses, or liver damage, or in the long run cancer.
The CDC is worried enough about cyanobacteria to have a web-page for it. There have been numerous problems with cyanobacteria poisoning worldwide, generally with livestock or dogs.

Cyanobacteria blooms generally occur late summer or early fall in warm stagnant or slow-moving waters that are rich in nutrients such as fertilizers or septic system overflows. The blooms can look like foam, scum, or mats; and can be blue, bright green, brown, or red. Some blooms may not affect the water's appearance. The water may smell bad.

Given a choice----water suspected of having an algae bloom should be avoided. If you must drink it: first try to obtain your water where the algae are not as thick. Second: microfilter to remove cyanobacteria, and clean your filter frequently to remove toxins from the filter. Thirdly, and most important, run your microfiltered water through activated charcoal, (part of most, but not all microfilter systems) which will remove most of the toxins. Please note: that activated charcoal in micro-filters may only be effective for approximately 6 months from first use.

Liver Flukes: Faciola hepatica-common name sheep liver fluke. These are a parasitic flatworm (trematode). They commonly infect livestock in North America, Europe, and South America and can infect humans as well: if eaten in vegetation growing in fresh water, like water cress, eaten in leafy vegetables irrigated with infected water, or (more rarely) ingested in untreated drinking water. In some rural areas of Peru up to 50% of the population is infected. Similar species occur worldwide and are estimated to infect between 40 million and 100 million people. Many who are infected are asymptomatic, but others can have abdominal pain, headache, and a host of other symptoms.

Mineral contamination: We all know this type of water here's a small sign with a skull & crossbones and bleached skeletons near the pool. Water like this does exist in the U.S. but is not common. The dangers to worry about here are: selenium and other dissolved metals that cause long-term problems, high concentrations of dissolved carbonates that can cause intestinal upset, and salts.

Clues to mineral contamination may be some or all of the following: a lack of vegetation around the pool, residues of salts or carbonates on the banks or in the pool, nearby evidence of mining, strong mineral odor, un-natural colors like bright blues or greens, metallic, or salty taste. Hot spring water should be avoided, since it frequently contains high concentrations of dissolved minerals. No standard portable treatment methods make these liquids safe for long-term use. If you have a choice move on to better water.

Chemical Contamination: The E.P.A. currently lists 50 different organic chemical contaminants of water that they monitor and regulate. These are a potential problem downstream from agriculture or industrial areas. Activated charcoal will remove many organic chemicals from water, but does not remove most metals, salts, or carbonates: this includes another 16 inorganic chemicals that the EPA lists as potential dangers.

THE NAY-SAYERS: There is an increasing amount of misinformation from sources that tell you that most backcountry water is not going to cause illness. An article, "Giardia Lamblia and Giardiasis by Robert Rockwell, makes an eloquent case for Giardia not being common in the Sierra Nevada range. The report is widely available on the internet. His primarily point is: Giardia and its cysts are killed by water temperatures below 5 degrees C. (41 degrees F.) for a span of 3 months or more which means all Giardia is killed out of Sierra Nevada mountains every winter.

Although Mr. Rockwell's article dismisses Giardia as a problem in the Sierras he makes frequent references to other waterborne diseases as a possible problem there and elsewhere. He also discusses Giardia as a problem in other places, including high mountain environments. Unfortunately, many people have heard or seen small parts of Mr. Rockwell's article and then erroneously reached the conclusion that microorganisms in back-country water are not a problem anywhere.

Some people may have an immunity to some waterborne pathogens, due to resistance from a previous infection, or because they may already be an asymptomatic carrier of a protozoa, bacteria, or virus. This can be a temporary immunity, and also doesn't mean they are immune to all other microorganisms. Unfortunately, because these people can drink some backcountry water without becoming ill: they either assume there are not infectious microorganisms in the water, or they believe whatever unsafe method of treatment they employ removes infectious microorganisms.

Every year, while doing employee clinics for Katadyn in retail stores in the western U.S., I hear from various people who have been infected with disease causing organisms from backcountry water sources. Most of these people have contracted Giardia or Cryptosporidium, but I have talked with several who caught Campylobacter. I see these people as a very small percentage of those that have been infected, since for the most part only those males who become extremely ill go to a doctor and have the disease diagnosed. Many males, "tough out" their illness (it appears women are brighter, and more readily seek medical care).

Water Treatment Methods:

What do I recommend My employers are very tolerant of my wife and me making long trips into the outdoors "to test equipment". I enjoy car-camping, backpacking and multi-day whitewater rafting trips. I always assume all backcountry water is contaminated.

When I go with a group, I offer up my expertise (and free filters) for back-country water treatment. Highpoints for me include an 18 day private Grand Canyon raft trip, where I perversely pumped most of my group's water out of the very dirty Colorado River "just to see if I can trash my microfilters" and a 16 day trek in the Everest area of Nepal, where I convinced the owners of the trekking company to let me handle water purification. (All clients kept healthy digestive systems: for the first time ever).

For North America, I recommend a Katadyn or MSR microfilter that suits your technical inclination and the size of your group. I really believe pumping water with one of these products is faster and easier than other methods. A good microfilter is a very liberating piece of outdoor equipment you don't have to carry much water in most situations or limit the length of your trips.

For areas where there is concern about waterborne viruses: I recommend first microfiltration, then treatment for 15 minutes with chlorine dioxide from Katadyn Micropur tablets, or the MSR Miox.

Treating backcountry water is a lot like wearing a seatbelt it gets to be a habit and you never know when that habit is going to save you from some real grief.

Copyright Ray Brooks 2010

References The Sources

My thanks to: the very valuable information on waterborne diseases on the web sites of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and the Food & Drug Administration (FDA), especially their "Bad Bug Book" site. I also sampled information on chemicals in water from the Environmental Protective Agency (E.P.A.) web site.

Other specific references by number:

1. MacKenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KA, Peterson DE, et al. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med 1994;331:161-7.

2. Waterborne Protozoan Pathogens, Marshall, Naumovitz, Ortega, & Sterling, U. of Arizona. Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 1997.

3. Waterborne Transmission of Campylobacter enteritis, Taylor, Brown, & McDermott, Microbial Ecology, (1982) 8:347-354

4. Small rodents & other mammals associated with mountain meadows as reservoirs of Giardia spp. and Campylobacter spp. Pacha, Clark, Williams, Carter, etc, Applied and Environmental Microbiology v.53 (7); (July 1987)

5. Inactivation of Enteric Adenovirus and Feline Calicivirus by Chlorine Dioxide: Thurston-Enriquex, Haas, Jacangelo, Gerba. Applied and Environmental. Microbiology. 2005 June; v.71 (6) 3100-3105.

6. Inactivation of Feline Calcivirus and Adenovirius Type 40 by UV Radiation, Thurston-Enriquex, Haas, Jacangelo, Riley, and Gerba. Applied and Environmental. Microbiology, 2003 Jan, v.69 p. 577-582

7. Cyanobacterial Toxins: Removal during Drinking Water Treatment and Human Risk Assessment. Hitzfild, Hoger, Dietrich; Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol 108, Supplement 1, March 2000.

8. Fascioliasis in Relatives of Patients with Fasciola hepatica Infection in Peru: Marcos, Maco, Terashima, Samalvides, Espinoza, Gotuzzo; Review Int. Med. Trop. S. Paulo 47(4) 219-222, July-August 2005.

9. From: Wilderness and Environmental Medicine: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 96-100.
Efficacy of iodine water purification tablets against Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts
CHARLES P. GERBA, PhD; DANA C. JOHNSON, PhD; MICHAELA N. HASAN, MS

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